Conclusion : Future research priorities include large observational analyses exploring associations between ultra-processed food and health harms in different populations around the world, prospective trials of these foods to establish causality (ethics permitting), and further mechanistic studies to help understand how harm occurs. Policy makers should shift their priorities away from food reformulation—which risks positioning ultra-processed food as a solution to dietary problems—towards a greater emphasis on promoting the availability, affordability, and accessibility of unprocessed or minimally processed foods.